Probability

Introduction to Probability

Notes

Best modern probability textbook. Stat 110 at Harvard.

Mathematics for Machine Learning

Notes

Unified LA + multivariate calc + probability for ML-minded people.

The Black Swan

Notes

Rare events, fat tails, and the limits of prediction.

An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications

Introduction to Probability and Mathematical Statistics

Notes

Rigorous graduate-level probability + statistics; useful for inference and ML foundations.

Probability Theory: The Logic of Science

Noisy Turing Machines: Noisy Logic Gates

Analyzing how Bernoulli Boolean types propagate through logic circuits, with correctness probabilities for noisy AND gates and interval arithmetic for composed circuits.

The Bernoulli Model: A Probabilistic Framework for Data Structures and Types

The Bernoulli Model is a framework for reasoning about probabilistic data structures by treating noisy outputs as Bernoulli-distributed approximations of latent values, from Booleans to set-indicator functions.

The Bernoulli Model: A Probabilistic Framework for Data Structures and Types

The Bernoulli Model is a framework for reasoning about probabilistic data structures by treating noisy outputs as Bernoulli-distributed approximations of latent values, from Booleans to set-indicator functions.

algebraic.dist: Distributions as Algebraic Objects in R

An R package that treats probability distributions as algebraic objects. They compose through standard operations. The algebra preserves distributional structure.